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Counting the days of your cycle can tell you how long your cycles are and whether or not they are regular, but the most reliable way to monitor changes in your fertility is by paying attention to clues from your body. Changes in your cervical mucus, basal body temperature and the position of your cervix can help you follow your cycle from start to finish. Some women chart all of these changes carefully to either increase or reduce their chances of becoming pregnant. Some women follow their cycles to know when to expect their periods, or to feel more in tune with their bodies. Mucus from your cervix changes throughout your cycle in response to hormonal changes. It’s a good marker of where you are in your cycle and checking your cervical mucus is quick, easy and reliable. Some women produce more mucus than others and may be able to see the mucus in their underwear. Others may need to feel the entrance of their vagina for it – use your fingertips or toilet paper. You can check your mucus at any time during the day. At the beginning of your cycle, when oestrogen levels are low, you won’t have much mucus at all. This dryness means you are relatively infertile. This is usually just after your period, but if you have a short cycle, it may be at the same time as your period and therefore difficult to monitor.

A woman’s menstrual cycle may be long, short, predictable or unpredictable. It may change from month to month and over the years, or it may stay pretty much the same. What is normal for one woman is not necessarily normal for another. But there are key changes in every woman’s cycle that can help you get to know what is normal for you. Whether you simply want to know more about your body, are trying to increase your chances of getting pregnant or want to avoid pregnancy, these information pages explain how the menstrual cycle works and what you can do to get to know yours better. Periods are a normal part of a woman’s life from around the age of 10-14 until about 50. This regular (or not so regular) bleeding is the most noticeable sign of a woman’s menstrual cycle, but it is not the only sign. Getting to know the other, less obvious signs of your cycle can help you become more familiar with your own changing levels of fertility. The length of a woman’s menstrual cycle is calculated by the number of days between one period and the next. A cycle begins on the first day of bleeding and continues up to, but not including, the first day of the next period. Women’s cycles range from 21 to 40 days or more, with an average of around 28 days. The length of a woman’s cycle may change a little or a lot from month to month.

The calendar calculation method is a simple, though not very reliable, way to estimate when you are likely to be most fertile. To use this method, count the days of your cycle for at least 6 months. Subtract 20 from the length of your shortest cycle to estimate the first day of your fertile window. Then subtract 10 from your longest cycle to estimate the last day of your fertile window. There are fertility monitoring kits on the market that may be useful in helping to identify the fertile and infertile days of your cycle. These devices tend to be expensive and some women find them difficult to read. But for women who want to gather as much information as possible (whether to get pregnant or avoid getting pregnant) or for women who find it uncomfortable to check their cervix or cervical mucus, these kits may be helpful. Hormone monitoring devices measure hormone levels in urine to predict ovulation and determine which days you are likely to be fertile. The kit stores this information and builds up a record, or profile, of your personal cycles. The data is then used to help predict fertility.

After pregnancy or breastfeeding – After pregnancy, a woman’s body produces high levels of prolactin – a hormone that helps to produce breast milk. Prolactin also keeps oestrogen levels low which results in a woman’s menstrual cycle being put on hold. It generally takes about four weeks for a woman’s cycle to return after giving birth, but if she breastfeeds, it may be considerably longer. Note: After pregnancy, about 50% of women ovulate before their periods return. This means they may be fertile again before they know it. The cervix takes about 12 weeks to heal after childbirth and won’t feel the same as it did before pregnancy. Your cervix may feel harder and it probably won’t close as fully as it did before birth. Cervical changes will still occur, however, and can be used in monitoring your cycle after pregnancy. Basal body temperature may also be disrupted following pregnancy, particularly if you are breastfeeding. At first there may be more changes in your temperature, and your readings may be lower than they were before pregnancy, but there will still be a distinct rise when you ovulate.

Menstruation is a phenomenon unique to the females. It is clear from the study findings that majority of the girls were having correct knowledge about menstruation. Regarding the practices, only 10 girls were using boiled, and dried cloth as menstrual absorbent. Though almost all 64 girls received advice regarding menstrual hygiene from different sources, some of their practices were unhygienic. This shows that the mothers of these girls were lacking of right knowledge and the same thing was transferred to their off springs. Before bringing any change in menstrual practices they should be educated about the facts of menstruation and its physiological implications. The girls should be educated about the significance of menstruation and development of secondary sexual characteristics, selection of a sanitary menstrual absorbent and its proper disposal. This can be achieved through educational television programmes, school nurses/Health personnel, compulsory sex education in school curriculum and knowledgeable parents, so that she does not develop psychological upset and the received education would indirectly wipe away the age old wrong ideas and make her to feel free to discuss menstrual matters without any inhibitions.

No woman feels completely comfortable when she has her period. If it is not pre menstrual tension or stomach cramps it is the problem of dealing with the menstrual flow. Technology offers sanitary pads, tampons or menstrual cups or caps to deal with the flow. The user has to decide what suits her best. Absorbent pads may be noticeable in form fitting clothes. They cause some soreness on the inner thighs. Some women prefer tampon to external pads. A plug of absorbent cotton or gauze is inserted inside. But these should not be left unchanged beyond six hours. Some brands state that tampons left unchanged for more than 12-18 hours increases the possibility of toxic shock. It is not clear what causes toxic shock. But there seems to be a link between tampons and Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS). Approximately 1% of all menstruating women carry the bacteria in question (Staphylococcus aureus) in their vagina. Absorbent tampons provide the medium for them to grow and spread infection.